Russia :: essays research papers

As I picked up Vodka, Tears, and Lenins Angel, by Jennifer Gould, I cerebration that I was slightly to read a novel that would be boring with nothing but facts and statistics. As I began to read it, the novel became much much interesting. Jennifer Gould, a journalist, decided to go to Russia. She was there to research Russia and its culture. I would have never regardd some of the situations and conversations she had with so many people. The topics that made me change my mind about Russia in general were the Internat, the cars and drivers, the homeless, and sexpionage.While reading about the Internat, I started to get disgusted. One of the reasons for this is that Russia sent healthy children to orphanages with ill kids. They were not like orphanages hear in the United States, with reasonable housing conditions, education and a chance to live with a family to provide them the better things in life. Instead, as a punishment they would be beaten, or sent to a psychiatric facility a nd drugged or tied to their beds for months. The law will not allow foreigners adopt healthy children. In place of the healthy kids, they would find a Western doctor that would diagnose the sick children as healthy. I believe that is not far to the children or the family who is adopting the child. Also, in the summer the orphanages close down and the majority of the kids go to camp. Once the camps atomic number 18 filled the extra kids get sent to psychiatric facilities. A man named Vitaly Llynin told Jennifer, whatever children are sent to the orphanages because they are too hot-tempered and get into too many fights. The children say that they do not understand why they go to these hospitals. An executive director believes that the children deny the fact that they are there because they are ashamed. None of the children receive counseling. Instead they are given antidepressants and tranquilizers. I personally can not believe that any person would think that this kind of action i s okay.Another subject that I found a little disturbing was how the people drive and who are the drivers. To me, Moscow sounds like its road are worse then Pennsylvania. There are no traffic laws. People can make illegal anywhere they want. Streets turn from one way to two way frequently. They have many potholes.

The Social Dynamics of the Weight Room Essay -- Personal Narrative Wei

The Social Dynamics of the Weight RoomMissing Works CitedAs I walk down the streets of Hollywood, I cant do but notice all the billboards advertising numerous products. The symbols of these products argon beautiful young people with rock hard, chizzled bodies. It is interesting to note what defines a fe anthropoid as beautiful and a male as beautiful. The females seem to look extremely thin with tight arms, stomachs and buttocks. These models for Levis or Banana Republic outweart have all the curves, but look feminine in a rather boyish manner. When viewing males on these billboards, you will notice that they are often times cut, trim, and more curvy than the female. They commonly shave their bodies for companies like J-Crew and Abercrombie and Fitch. We can see that there may be a misfortune of gender crossings (males looking more feminine and females looking more masculine). These images represent beauty and are seen as cultural icons of appearance in our culture. The m edia seems to determine and advertise the social stigma of society. Looking for the effects of these icons in our culture, I decided that it would be beneficial to explore the source of the image buildinga seaworthiness gym. Weight lifting has many connotations for social interaction. The purpose of this ethnography is to discover possible explanations to lifting weights, how lifting weights personifies masculine and feminine gender roles, to understand the social interactions within the weight room, and to look into how much the media plays into the developwork forcet of the masculine and feminine image. The weight room is a culture in its own that represents the masculine and feminine image of our culture.When I runner entered the Muscle Madness ... ...is not heterosexual at all, but homosexual not only is she unnatural, but the female boldybuilder possesses the power to invert normal male sexuality. Since Bev Francis female bodybuilder looks and moves like a man, homophob ic patriarchal ideology whispers that work force who find her attractive must be gay, and, further, that women who find her attractive must be lesbians. Bevs muscles, dress, heavy facial features, and unfemine body language evoke the stereotype of what a lesbian looks like the butch, the lesbaian who is immediately recognizable as such, visibly different.gay men are assumed to be wimps who worship he-men, while lesbians are assumed to be women who are he men or women who worship he/she men. sexuality is surreptitiously linked with sex and gender in such a way as to support heterosexual and patriarchal ideologies. (Holmund, 150-51)

Immoral or Unconstitutional Government Decrees :: Politics Political Essays

Immoral or Unconstitutional Government DecreesImagine this scenario and lets do a thought experiment. Im ordered by the Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS) to perform, without compensation, cleaning services at a local ripened citizen retirement home. Ive non been found guilty in a court of law of a crime for which Im being punished. Ive simply been ordered by DHHS to work at the senior citizen home in the name of promoting the public welfare. Failure to comply means going to jail.I might seek a court injunction against DHHSs edit. exactly suppose the court ruled that DHHS had the authority to order me to perform cleaning services at senior citizen homes. I might take my complaint completely the way to the U.S. Supreme Court only for the Court to rule yes, under the U.S. Constitutions welfare clause, and the authority it gives telling, Im compelled as ordered by DHHS to perform cleaning services.My apparent movement to you is now that the courts have ruled, should I simply comply? You might rejoin by suggesting that the question cannot be answered unless additional information is supplied such as Did Congress properly vote to authorize DHHS to order me to clean senior citizen homes? Did DHHS single me out or are new(prenominal) Americans assigned similar tasks? In other words, was there invidious discrimination?My response to your first set of questions is what does a vote have to do with the morality or wrongness of the DHHS mandate? Would ane determine the rightness or wrongness of rape, murder, theft and slavery by whether there was majority vote? To the second question, I would also ask does the rightness or wrongness of an act depend upon the number of people, a hundred people or millions of people, forcibly used to serve the purposes of another? Was slavery in our country okay because 4 million blacks were enslaved instead of just one? Does equality in servitude make servitude just? One might rejoin by saying, All those arguments are n either here nor there the law is the law and people should obey. I say balderdash South Africa used to have apartheid laws that strictly controlled where blacks could live, work, and eat. Nazi Germany had anti-Semitic laws. In United States there was the Fugitive Slave Act of 1850. Would you have obeyed those laws? Would you have approved of and sought prosecution of white employers who leased black workers in contravention of job reservation laws that were a part of South Africas Civilized Labour Policy?

Achilles Doom Essay -- essays research papers

To be, or non to be, that is the question. Whether tis nobler in the mind to suffer the slings and arrows of awful fortune, or to take arms against a sea of troubles and by opposing end them. Though written centuries after the death of Achilles, this quote from Shakespeares juncture speaks honestly of his life. The epic poem, The Iliad of Homer, is a story of the journey of his soul, and his attempts to escape his fate. He questions his fate set out for him by the gods, pondering whether or not he should die for the sake of war, and it is by this questioning of the divine judgment of the gods that he brings doom upon himself. It is kn profess by himself, and by the gods, that he is to live a short, only when glorious life, however it is not known how or when his life will come to an end. Achilles himself, wishes to live one of longevity without great glory, and therefore tries to escape his percentage in life. Is it just for him to give his life for war, or should he live a lif e to satisfy himself? Throughout the Iliad, Achilles actions bring his eventual doom close-hauled to reality than perhaps may have been planned. Sing, goddess, the anger of Peleus son Achilles and its devastation which put pain thousandfold upon the Achaians. The wrath of Achilles begins in Book One of The Iliad. Agamemmnon, leader of the Greek army, takes Achilles booty prize, Briseis to replace his own concubine, Chryses, daughter of a priest of Apollo, who was returned to end the plague put on his people by the angry god, Apollo. Achilles feels ungrateful for all that he does for the army when Agamemmnon takes his girl to be his own. He move ons the army because he feels that the king has disrespected him. Thus begins the onset of his doom by not fighting, and move to refuse to do so until after the death of his best friend, Patroklos, he defies his fate.Once having solved to leave the fighting, he goes to speak to his mother, Thetis. He asks her to ask genus genus Zeus to allow the Trojan army to take over the fighting so that the Greeks realize how much they need him, and for them to come to an appreciation for him. Through his concern for his own ego, it is appearant to the reader that, knowing his fate, Achilles will do all that is in his power to stop the fate, or his doom, from being played out. It is also known that the gods do not favour those who try to defy them. Achilles do... ... is much more important than selfishly hiding from battle, not using his gifts. There are many events in our lives that leave us with one question What is the meaning of life? This question plagued Achilles during the story of The Iliad and he progresses through it to accept the fact that it is not in his hands to decide his fate. Now I shall go, to overtake that killer of a dear life, Hektor then I will accept my own death, at whatever time Zeus wishes to bring it about, and the other immortals. Having brought this doom upon himself out of his own need for gratif ication early in the poem, Achilles finally accepts, humbly that his actions have been the cause of his grief and impairment over his dear companion, Partoklos. It is through his continual refusal to partake in his destiny that he brings his doom upon himself. It is one of the greatest sins one can commit, to deny the demesne of your gifts. It is impossible for us to control our fate, the gods (speaking in Ancient Greek terms) control our lives as they see fit and by reading this poem, it is possible to come to a deeper understanding of how we must accept it.

Uniforms of the British Army 1812-1815 :: Military Uniform Clothing

consistents of the British Army 1812-1815Major General of InfantrySince my character was Major ODowd I decided to do my video display on the uniforms not yet of the Major, but too the men t chapeau were in his control including Captain Dobbin, George Osbourne and Captain Rawdon. When Major ODowd headed off for the Battle of Waterloo outside of capital of Belgium he was about promising outfitted in something along these lines a Red jacket lined with exsanguine. It had a royal blue collar conciliate and cuffs, golden buttons, raise epaulettes, shoulder cords, trimming and piping. He wore a stark stock and white collar band with white enamel indulgeed with a red center. This same cross on the collar band would also be found on his breast. Next came a crimson sash, white waistline belt and slings. A human of his position would wear white gloves, gray trousers with a golden side stripe and black shoes. Major ODowd would have carried a steel sword and a scabbard with mother of pearls embedded in the grip, a golden guard and a sword knot. He wore a black cocked hat with silver lace, golden tassels and a white and red plume. This was noted as the correct outfit for a major generalof infantry. This link will also show you an exact comeback of an 1812 1815 Waterloo Shako Plate. Please make reference to the codes, charts and tables that I have handed out to determine exactly what each regiment including the cavalry, dragoon guards, hussars, staff, footmen and engineers wore (Smith).Soldiers and Officers of the GuardsThis costume would most likely have been more customary for our younger men to wear, I.E. Captain Dobbin, George andCaptain/Colonel Rawdon. This link is the closest I rouse find to what the uniform index have looked like, but it is not perfect. This uniform is more precisely defined as having a black cocked hat with a black cockade, golden dodge lace, tassels loop and button and white plume withcrimson base. The jacket was scarlet with white l ining, collar, lapels and cuffs golden lace and buttons. They wore a white stock, breeches, gaiters and gloves, a crimson sash, black shoes and a black sword scabbard with a golden point. The colors (royal colors) have a brown staff with a golden spearhead. The colors mightily are the Union, having golden trimming and writing in the center and on the arms of the cross.Uniforms of the British Army 1812-1815 Military Uniform ClothingUniforms of the British Army 1812-1815Major General of InfantrySince my character was Major ODowd I decided to do my presentation on the uniforms not only of the Major, but also the men that were in his regiment including Captain Dobbin, George Osbourne and Captain Rawdon. When Major ODowd headed off for the Battle of Waterloo outside of Brussels he was most likely outfitted in something along these lines a Red jacket lined with white. It had a royal blue collar patch and cuffs, golden buttons, shoulder epaulettes, shoulder cords, trimming and piping. He wore a black stock and white collar band with white enamel crossed with a red center. This same cross on the collar band would also be found on his breast. Next came a crimson sash, white waist belt and slings. A gentleman of his position would wear white gloves, gray trousers with a golden side stripe and black shoes. Major ODowd would have carried a steel sword and a scabbard with mother of pearls embedded in the grip, a golden guard and a sword knot. He wore a black cocked hat with silver lace, golden tassels and a white and red plume. This was noted as the correct outfit for a major generalof infantry. This link will also show you an exact replica of an 1812 1815 Waterloo Shako Plate. Please make reference to the codes, charts and tables that I have handed out to determine exactly what each regiment including the cavalry, dragoon guards, hussars, staff, footmen and engineers wore (Smith).Soldiers and Officers of the GuardsThis costume would most likely have been more customa ry for our younger men to wear, I.E. Captain Dobbin, George andCaptain/Colonel Rawdon. This link is the closest I can find to what the uniform might have looked like, but it is not perfect. This uniform is more precisely defined as having a black cocked hat with a black cockade, golden border lace, tassels loop and button and white plume withcrimson base. The jacket was scarlet with white lining, collar, lapels and cuffs golden lace and buttons. They wore a white stock, breeches, gaiters and gloves, a crimson sash, black shoes and a black sword scabbard with a golden point. The colors (royal colors) have a brown staff with a golden spearhead. The colors properly are the Union, having golden trimming and writing in the center and on the arms of the cross.

Uniforms of the British Army 1812-1815 :: Military Uniform Clothing

Uniforms of the British Army 1812-1815Major General of InfantrySince my character was Major ODowd I decided to do my presentation on the sames non only of the Major, but also the men t put on were in his regiment including Captain Dobbin, George Osbourne and Captain Rawdon. When Major ODowd headed off for the Battle of Waterloo out of doors of Brussels he was or so likely outfitted in something along these lines a Red jacket lined with uninfected. It had a royal blue tether patch and cuffs, specious buttons, berm epaulettes, shoulder cords, trimming and piping. He wore a swarthy stock and white collar band with white enamel cut through with a red center. This very(prenominal) cross on the collar band would also be found on his breast. Next came a ruby sash, white waist belt and slings. A gentleman of his position would wear white gloves, gray trousers with a golden side stripe and black shoes. Major ODowd would energise carried a steel marque and a scabbard with mother of pearls embedded in the grip, a golden guard and a sword knot. He wore a black cocked hat with silver lace, golden tassels and a white and red plume. This was noted as the correct outfit for a major generalof infantry. This link lead also show you an circumstantial replica of an 1812 1815 Waterloo Shako Plate. Please make reference to the codes, charts and tables that I have handed out to determine exactly what to each one regiment including the cavalry, dragoon guards, hussars, lag, footmen and engineers wore (Smith).Soldiers and Officers of the GuardsThis raiment would most likely have been more customary for our younger men to wear, I.E. Captain Dobbin, George andCaptain/Colonel Rawdon. This link is the closest I can find to what the uniform might have looked like, but it is not perfect. This uniform is more precisely defined as having a black cocked hat with a black cockade, golden border lace, tassels loop and button and white plume withcrimson base. The jacket was sca rlet with white lining, collar, lapels and cuffs golden lace and buttons. They wore a white stock, breeches, gaiters and gloves, a crimson sash, black shoes and a black sword scabbard with a golden point. The color (royal colors) have a brown staff with a golden spearhead. The colors properly are the Union, having golden trimming and writing in the center and on the arms of the cross.Uniforms of the British Army 1812-1815 war machine Uniform ClothingUniforms of the British Army 1812-1815Major General of InfantrySince my character was Major ODowd I decided to do my presentation on the uniforms not only of the Major, but also the men that were in his regiment including Captain Dobbin, George Osbourne and Captain Rawdon. When Major ODowd headed off for the Battle of Waterloo outside of Brussels he was most likely outfitted in something along these lines a Red jacket lined with white. It had a royal blue collar patch and cuffs, golden buttons, shoulder epaulettes, shoulder cords, t rimming and piping. He wore a black stock and white collar band with white enamel crossed with a red center. This same cross on the collar band would also be found on his breast. Next came a crimson sash, white waist belt and slings. A gentleman of his position would wear white gloves, gray trousers with a golden side stripe and black shoes. Major ODowd would have carried a steel sword and a scabbard with mother of pearls embedded in the grip, a golden guard and a sword knot. He wore a black cocked hat with silver lace, golden tassels and a white and red plume. This was noted as the correct outfit for a major generalof infantry. This link will also show you an exact replica of an 1812 1815 Waterloo Shako Plate. Please make reference to the codes, charts and tables that I have handed out to determine exactly what each regiment including the cavalry, dragoon guards, hussars, staff, footmen and engineers wore (Smith).Soldiers and Officers of the GuardsThis costume would most likely ha ve been more customary for our younger men to wear, I.E. Captain Dobbin, George andCaptain/Colonel Rawdon. This link is the closest I can find to what the uniform might have looked like, but it is not perfect. This uniform is more precisely defined as having a black cocked hat with a black cockade, golden border lace, tassels loop and button and white plume withcrimson base. The jacket was scarlet with white lining, collar, lapels and cuffs golden lace and buttons. They wore a white stock, breeches, gaiters and gloves, a crimson sash, black shoes and a black sword scabbard with a golden point. The colors (royal colors) have a brown staff with a golden spearhead. The colors properly are the Union, having golden trimming and writing in the center and on the arms of the cross.

Heinz Case Study

Company made a corporate move that close in the course of their future business model. In order to increase their competitiveness, Heinz had to come up with a business strategy that would rival competitors. According to the case study, the sovereign corporate strategy has been Identified as a directional strategy, which was based on analyzing the companys orientation toward growth. It was noted that the company needed to 1) cut back on operations by simplifying their business model, 2) diversify the business to increase growth, and 3) grow nationally and globally through a merger which would also reduce debt.The start step in the strategy included streamlining their product selection which would refocus the companys business model, while also offering to a greater extent flexibility. Heinz had decided to allow their devil main food platforms to be the highlight of the company meal enhancers (which included condiments of all types) and meal and snacks (including frozen and shelf-s table goods and the same made for the food service industry). In doing so, they could focus more attention to detail on their successful products such as packaging and quality, Instead of spreading themselves thin by splitting helpless with struggling products and brands.The second strategy Included Increasing growth by diversifying business. Heinz did so by engaging In concentric diversification with the Del Monte Company. By creating a synergistic relationship with a like- forefronted food company, Heinz was able to take stock of their product lines, figure out strengths and weakness of each, and identify which of the products would upbeat from a strategic fit with Del Motes input regarding approach and knowledge in production, marketing and/or sales. This allowed both companies to converge, growing both individually and together, thereby increase profits and company growth.In fact, it was expected that as Whines revenue increased by twenty percent, Del Motes company would doubl e in size. Lastly, the business merger of Heinz with Del Monte Foods has not only Increased wealth, but It has reduced the debt. By allowing Its shareholders to assume a 0. 45 share of stock In Del Monte for every share that they owned In Heinz, this also allowed Del Monte to acquire twenty percent of Whines debt. This essentially made those shareholders the majority owners in the new Del Monte. Additionally, more debt was alleviated when Heinz was able to centralise dividends by thirty-three recent, which generated extra monetary flow.By 2004, Heinz was able to change its organizational structure which showcased its horizontal growth. They were able to venture into new markets through their band acquisitions from Del Monte, and created a strong presence in the following markets North America, U. S. Foddering, Europe, Asia/Pacific, and smaller markets in Latin America, Africa, India, and the Middle East. Across the board, this resulted in profitable diversification In revenue. The correctness of this directional strategy seems to have worked In the Heinz Companys favor.Instead of continuing to be weighed down by debt, and an over-bloated portfolio of products (all of which were not profitable), the merger helped to alleviate most of the problems. If they had chose to only focus on a of debt acquired by Del Monte. Also by not choosing a parenting strategy, they allowed for more of a partnership between companies instead of a one holding more power than the other. The directional strategy seemed to offer the best combination (portfolio attention and a synergy relationship) of the latter two strategies, which worked best for the goals that Heinz Company had in mind for their own personal growth.

Indus Valley Civilization

Identify and analyze the criteria necessary for a community of people to be characterized as a civilization by comparing and contrasting how well the societies of the Indus River Valley and the Huanghe (Shang Dynasty) River Valley meet the criteria. Use the Persiancharts to guide your comparative summary of these similarities and differences. The term civilization refers to a complex human society, in which people live in groups of settled dwellings.Growth and decline of civilizations depended on several traits much(prenominal) as complex government, religion, and religious rituals, presence of writing and record keeping, advanced science and technology, advanced artistic and intellectual skills, city planning and monumental buildings, form of social classes, and specialization of labor. The Huanghe River Valley (China) could be characterized as a civilization. This early civilization had one monarch (Shang) that regulated irrigation.They praised the god like kings of early civili zations start with Panku. Haunghe River Valley formed an alphabet based on ideographic symbols. The use of writing allowed them to record part fact and part fiction familiarity of early kings. Artistically, the Chinese emphasized delicate designs. Shang ruled and constructed some impressive tombs and palaces. The Indus River Valley shared many characteristics of a civilization.This civilization had political ideas and religious views unite with Indo-European migrants. The Indus River Valley developed their own alphabet (Harappan), which was never deciphered. Indians pride became an important part of their main identity. Overall, the Huanghe and Indus River Valley had qualities that could characterize them as civilizations. Even though there were differences, it was still considered a complex human society in which people lived in groups of settled dwellings.

Cost-benefit analysis is a term that is used to refer

Cost-benefit analysis is a term that is used to refer to the process of comparing the benefits against the costs of one or much options in tack together to choose the alternative which is the best or the most profitable. It entails assessing all the costs and all the benefits then determining the difference. In cast to decide on whether to purchase topical anaestheticly produced products or not to buy, one needs to carry out a comprehensive analysis of the benefits as well as the costs of such(prenominal) a move. Examples of products that depose be bought locally or imported atomic number 18 regimenstuffs e. g. vegetables. buy locally means buying foodstuffs and products that are produced within ones locality. Buying locally produced foodstuffs has its costs as well as benefits. Among the benefits of buying locally produced foodstuffs against non-locally produced are that locally produced foodstuffs require slight energy to produce than imported ones. (http//www. sustainable table. org/issues/buylocal/). For instance, the release chain from the farmer to the consumer is short unlike in imported items which have to undergo long distribution chains before reaching the consumers.This leads to less milieual pollution because little transportation is needed to move the produce to the consumer. Processing and transportation of produce requires a large amount of fuel. This leads to more sparks of carbon monoxide and the nursery gases thus environmental degradation. These are the gases that lead to global warming. (http//www. sustainabletable. org/issues/energy/). The greenhouse gases also cause direct harm to human health through emission of toxic by-products when they are burnt. Another benefit of buying locally produced foodstuffs is that fewer amounts of fertilizers are used in producing them.Since manures are heavy, they can not be transported everyplace long distances hence are used within short distances. Imported foods would require artificial ferti lizers and pesticides for their production since they are produced on a large scale. abundant amounts of energy are expended in producing these fertilizers hence environmental degradation. Furthermore these fertilizers and pesticides have direct negative impacts on the environment in that they pollute the soil and because water. In addition, locally produced foods require less touch on and preservation measures than the non-locally produced.Since their distribution distances are not long, locally produced foods can be accessed by consumers when they are lock in fresh hence do not require processing or use of preservatives. On the other hand, non-locally produced foods require processing and preservation in order to make them reach the intended destinations in usable forms. Processing requires energy thus additional costs. Since local foods do not need large-scale farms to produce, the judgment of organic farming can be applied. This is opposed to non-locally produced which are technology intensive i. e.require heavy machinery and large amounts of fertilizers and pesticides to produce. Thus, in terms of energy costs, locally produced foodstuffs are more energy efficient and environmentally friendly than the non-locally produced foodstuffs. (http//www. localharvest. org/buylocal. jsp). Adopting this concept will lead to the world saving a large amount of energy that can be used elsewhere. This system is also good in that it reduces substantially the amount of greenhouse gas emissions. This is good in that effects of the gases on the environment i. e. global warming are reduced.Locally produced foods also have more benefits to the consumer than the non-locally produced. Firstly, locally produced foods can be accessed when they are still fresh hence are more nutritious. This ensures that the prime(prenominal) of the produce is guaranteed. Due to the fact that agricultural products are highly perishable, non-locally produced foodstuffs need processing and pre servation to improve their shelf life (http//www. sustainabletable. org/issues/buylocal/). Due to this, their quality is not guaranteed. The preservatives also alter the nutrition of the products and can also be harmful to consumers health.Processing requires energy hence fossil fuels are used which lead to environmental pollution. Another reason why consumers would prefer locally produced foods to non-locally produced is that they get the products from people they recognize. Thus locally produces foodstuffs are favored to non-locally produced ones due to the above factors. The cost estimates of local foodstuffs are far less than those for non-local foodstuffs. In accordance with the above analysis, it is very cheap to produce foods locally.This is because the farmers can use sustainable production methods which have less harmful effects to the environment (http//www. localharvest. org/buylocal. jsp. ). Locally produced foods also have less energy requirements as opposed to non-loca lly produced ones. This is due to the fact that less transportation and processing is required for locally produced foodstuffs. Based on the above facts, it is imperative to note that buying locally produced foodstuffs is much more beneficial than buying non-locally produced foods. Not scarce does doing this support the fight against environmental degradation but also helps improve a peoples health. Fresh foodstuffs are nutritious good for a healthy living.This constitution would also enhance reservation of the non-renewable energy sources. This policy should be adopted because it can lead to the creation of self reliant food economies and consequently promoting food self sufficiency. REFERENCES Buy Local. Retrieved on 18th April, 2008. From (http//www. sustainabletable. org/issues/buylocal/) Sustainable Table healthy foods. Retrieved 18th April, 2008. From (http//www. sustainabletable. org/issues/buylocal/) Local Harvest. Retrieved on 18th April, 2008. From (http//www. localharve st. org/buylocal. jsp

Personal Effectiveness Essay

Organisations today are witnessing high aims of competition. In the advent of the recession we have seen many organisation struggles to survive and near have asleep(p) burst. Organisations today are on a look out for employee that hindquarters demonstrate their ability to learn and develop innovate ideas, products and services that can extend to them an edge on competition. With so many graduate and not enough jobs, its all about you and your ability to sell yourself, that can take you to the following(a) level of you career.This establishes the need for face-to-face increment. Understanding the nature of erudition, and the different ardours in which people learn, is crucial, in order to promote individual personal discipline and business profitability within organizations credo reference (2009a) What is Personal Development According to Guirdham (2002) Personal development is about satisfying our potential, increasing our ability and continuous improvement at work and li fe with meaning and satisfaction.This can be distinguished from organisational development which looks at the individual fulfilling organisation needs, while on the other hand Personal development addresses individual work development and lifestyle issues (David and Stephen, 2010). Guirdham (2002, p. 132) goes on to argues that the choice to develop our self is in our own hand. Other can set the scene, turn in role models, give encouragement, provide support, propose methods and means, set up mechanism, give advice, impart knowledge and provide contacts but the learner is a the heart of the development process.Examples of this situation can be seen at work place environment where some certain individuals can make use of a particular engine room i. e. computer program and yet another cant despite working in that organisation for a long while. From the individual perspective, Personal development is about how you deal with life control your feelings, emotions, and reactions. Person al development enables you acquiring high level of transferable skill like critical refection, working creatively with others, self-direction, self-disciple, management of time and resource, and skill to deal with all situation in a positive manner.These skills can be transfer to the work place. Guirdham and Tyler (1992) list some of these skills as follows * Self Management. Involves accountability for own live, and getting to know ourselves. * Learning. acquiring new knowledge, behaviours, skills, values, or preferences and drawing on cognitive, behaviourist and experimental learning theories. * Obtaining and victimisation good quality information. * Recognising, creating and evaluating opportunities. * Performing . satisfying other by what we produce. * Changing.Adapting and assisting other to adapt to change from the environment. For Personal development to be achievable it must be carefully planned, structured and reflected upon, this is otherwise know as Personal Development Planning. This process also involves acquiring skills and knowledge. This brings too the fore the importance of Continuous Learning, which is a learning process that does not cease, and will lead to the process of attainment of personal development (Carter McNamara, 2010). Learning TheoriesBurns (1995) cited in Lee Dunn (2002) defines learning as a relatively permanent change in behaviour with behaviour including both observable activity and internal processes such as thinking, attitudes and emotions. It also should be noted that learning can be informal of formal. They are four models of learning that are important to work. These are cognitive learning, the behaviourist, experimental and double-loop learning (Guirdham, 2002) cognitive learning Cognitive Learning is a term usually used in the academic field but of late it has been integrated to organisational learning.Cognitive learning involves acquiring knowledge through present perception and interpreting in the light of past i nformation, which is now stored in the memory for future use. Cognitive learning enables people to learn by using their intuition and perception. Cognitive involves facilitating factors (meaning, motivation, contextual cues) that enable learning process, this will determines if information is stored in the long term or short-term memory (Guirdham, 2002). Behaviourist Learning This involves learning from experience.Here learning occurs as a result of a reaction to stimuli. The assumption is that human answer to stimuli from the environment (MDP, 2010). Pavlov (1846-1936) was investigating the conditioned reflex, his findings led to the formulation of the theory of classical conditioning, which involved a natural reflex to stimulus (unconditioned) and a new stimulus you want to associated with the response (conditioned) (Guirdham, 2002) . Double-loop Double-loop learning is based on the assumption that they are two types of learning.First is the single-loop which occurs when errors are detected and corrected, however without examining the appropriateness of the current sort of learning. Mason (1993) sees considers this non-strategic process of learning. On the other hand, double-loop learning takes place when detection and correction of errors is questioned and modification of exiting norms and assumptions are carried out. Fiol and Lyles (1985) see this as higher level learning. observational learning Kolbs existential learning model is another widely used model.This four stage learning process involves learning from experience and reflecting on what has happened, then forming out principles and testing out idea in a new situation see figure 1. 0 (Guirdham, 2002). Figure Kolbs experiential learning cycle cited in Dunn (2002) For example if a receptionist is accused of being rude by a client dressed to the nines(p) in traditional cave in for addressing him as Mr rather chief, then the a learning process is likely to occur whereby the receptionist reflects on the experience, from the refection he then makes he assumption that clients dressed in traditional wears demand to be addressed in line with there culture. At this point he has now completed the conceptualisation stage, the next stage with be testing out his idea by addressing in the demanded way (Guridham, 2002).Reflectors learners make sense of experiences by reflecting on them, and take their time to verbal expression and make decision (Honey and Mumford 1986, cited in Steve Wheeler, 2001). However the Learning Style is not without its criticisms as problems about its reliability, validity and the learning cycle were found by the Coffield investigate team (Coffield 2004, cited in Stan d.Lvie 2009) On the other hand using your preferred learning style will allow you to learn and gain new experience. However, you can make learning more effectual by embracing different learning styles in addition to your preferred learning style. One learning style cannot be considered adequate c redo reference (2009b) argues that the use of one learning style put you in the danger of getting in a repetitious cycle, where learning slow down or stop altogether These are the results of your inventory. The scores are out of 20 for each style. A score of 20 indicates you use that style often.

John Austin’s Theory of Law

John Austin (1790-1859) was a British efficacious philosopher and was the first Professor of police force at London University. His publications had a profound influence on English jurisprudence. They include The Province of Jurisprudence Determined (1832), and Lectures on Jurisprudence. John Austin is surpass known for his work developing the possibleness of good positivism. He attempted to clearly separate moral rules from positive law. Austins theory also falls downstairs Constitutions, International Law, non-sanctioned rules, or law that gives rights. Austin believed that people have different interpretations of what is wrong and right.Therefore, set laws needed to be established that has to be obeyed. There are terce aspects of Austins theory of law Analytical Jurisprudence, Legal Positivism and Command theory of law and the theory of legal sovereignty. Analytical Jurisprudence It is a method of legal study that concentrates on the logical structure of law, the meaning and uses of its concepts, and the formal terms and the modes of its operation. John Austins particular form of analysis was reductive. He analyzed legal concepts in terms of non-legal concepts so that the entire law could be understood in non-legal terms.Legal Positivism In the 19th century, Austin developed legal positivism theory. The legal positivism states, What is Law? Is it written? , Where does it come from? Positivism is from Latin root-positus, which means to be certain and fixed. Legal positivism states that laws are derived from written rules, regulations which have been enacted, adoptive and recognized by a governmental entity or political institution, including administrative, executive, legislative, and judicial bodies. It is based on the legal philosophy that what is the intent of the enacting body.Command theory of law and the theory of legal sovereignty This aspect of Austins theory is based on the commandment of the sovereign. He realized that there should be fixe d written commandments, which should be obeyed by all people. These commandments should be backed with sanctions. For example, if we do not obey traffic rules or commit an offence which is codified in the Canadian Criminal Law, we shall be penalized. Austin also realized the need about the uniformity of law. By uniformity means, that the law should be equal for all people of the state.

Cell Phone in Life Essay

In modern life, jail cubicle phone is an indispensable tool to all people. To everyone, a cell phone is a magic tool, which is a mean of telecommunication, an entertainment device and a great work supporter. To me, I messnot imagine how I can live without my phone.The basic function of a cell phone is to connect people. We use our cell phones to communicate with the other ones. For example, we can talk to parents and shoot our love to them in a thousand mile away in a second. We can help people who are in an emergency with a finger. Or simply, we can gather our friends to hang out have fun with easy calls or texts. A cell phone is a magic tool, which can help us contact people only with a hand.Moreover, a cell phone is an excellent tool we need for our studying and business. At school, many applications of cell phone help us solving the problems in class. For example, we can record the lectures of professors in class and watch his lecture again at national in order to better u nderstand the knowledge, or when applying knowledge, we can take some pictures in the lab class to observe our lab results better. At work, our cell phones can be a USB to store data, or a mini computer to send our report, and even a small portable computer to surfboard the Internet, which is essentially important to every businessman. A cell phone is vital to an entrepreneur or a students career.Finally, another advantage of cell phones is to entertain. In our cell phones, we can store our favorite songs to listen to when feeling sad, videos and pictures of our beloved ones to view when we miss them, which makes us happier. We can also play games in our cell phones, helping us burning off stress and starting to feel happy again. Without cell phones, our life would be much less enjoyable. For instance, your topper friend is upset about problems of her or his family. You can comfort her or him by your favorite songs, and then look for something fun, like game or preposterous video to relax. With a cell phone, we will never have to be sad for a long time.Today, everybody prepares himself or herself with a cell phone, like a vital thing in his or her modern life. As the cell phones are improved with advance functions, they will make our lives more convenient and comfortable. the great unwashed are advised to equipped themselves with a cell phone to improve their lives.

British Airways “Flying into a Storm” Essay

Introduction 31. A brand saucy follow attention 41.1- Major evolutions in the corporeal scheme 4a) some(prenominal) breaking points in the policy statement 4b) Actions implemented 51.2- A less masses-oriented leadership 7a) Before Ayling a tremendous provided participative management 7b) After Aylings coming a management centred on administrative and financial objectives 72. A failure due to the slight of three key f phone numberors culture, leadership and expression 92.1- An unsuitable management to BAs culture and identity 92.2- track Ayling an ambitious nonwithstanding self-centred leader 112.3- A structure which does not square enough with the company 123. What should be Eddingtons principal(prenominal) concerns for the future? 143.1- Increase the level of work thanks to structure and culture 143.2- Maintain and improve internal cohesion through a better converse 153.3- Go on improving rentability through organization and vernal- do values 15 conclusion 16Int roductionLondon, March 2000. The reign of dog Ayling as political boss executive of the airline British Airways (BA) is over. The crisis reflects the economic difficulties the company has been experiencing for the last three years.In order to set the outlines of our study, let us fixate in a few words BAs cogitation of activity. As airline, BAs basic function is to carry passengers. This is a node service industry, which implies that BA besides supplies in-flight services/products (various cabin classes, meal supplies, readtainment facilities) and out-flight-services (luggage retrieval, e-sale of tickets). This field of activity is characterized by a tough concurrence, a real predisposition to economic cycles, thin margins easy as well as increasingly demanding clients.In such a context, Bob Ayling didnt manage to r for each one his strategical objectives. As one of Aylings predecessors ensnares it the airlines strategy remained the serious one but Mr Ayling was the wron g man to execute it. This comes down to say that Ayling did not implement the strategy the right way. To which extent do we agree with this statement?We will first examine the major alterations that were operated in BAs strategy with Ayling. Then we will try to understand wherefore he didnt manage to implement completely his strategy and thus why he didnt target his objectives. To end with, we will look into what Rod Eddington should do after Bob Aylings dismissal to implement the strategy of the company.1. A brand new company management1.1- Major evolutions in the corporate strategya) Several breaking points in the policy statementSince Sir John King came over BA in 1981, strategic speeches followed each other, translating the leader priorities in a given environment. Nevertheless, we can easily reveal a change in conference of the corporate strategy with Aylings arrival.At the beginning of the 1980s, captain Kings first preoccupation was to make as long as he could BA a node service oriented company, with high standards of quality. He had to take the company out of its humankind sector approach. All along his reign as the companys leader, and later within Lord marshall too, the policy statement kept a focus on the customers without changing the priorities for 15 years.During Bob Aylings four years mandate as chief executive, yet really all of a suddener than his predecessors, we can distinguish three very different phases in the denote strategic choices.Read moreSwot Analysis of British AirwaysHis first concern when he came to function in 1996 was to make hails cuts. He introduced the personal credit line Efficiency Programme in 1996, requiring the company to take heavy structural decisions that were -according to him- vital to ensure BA competitiveness for the future. Costs reduction has always been a concern for BAs managers, but to put it on the top of the agenda was a new kind of strategic flock.After that one-year sooner painful period, he decided the company had to combine customer service excellence with cost competitiveness, with a target of doubling its operating margin during the succeeding(a) five years. This mix policy included concentrating on four key issues* Customers, by providing the highest levels of service and innovative products* People, with an ambitious target becoming the beat out managed company in the UK* Costs efficiency, by keeping a high level of profitability* New alliances (particularly with American Airlines), by using the potential of a world(a) airline industry.This policy had the disadvantage to divide the attention on several problems in opposition to King and Marshall management that kept foc custom on one main objective.Soon after, Bob Ayling was confronted to a phenomenon of large strikes, and he decided to put hoi polloi back on BA top agenda. His predecessors used human resources as a typifys to achieve their target of a high customer service but Bob Ayling was obliged to take it as a whole stake.Finally, we can observe that Bob Aylings policy statement changed quite often under the pressure of the environment such a social occasion had never happened for the 15 years before his arrival.b) Actions implementedAudacious actions to assert BA as a leaderSoon after he had been nominated chief executive, Bob Ayling started to implement a large panel of audacious actions to assert BA as a world leader company. first of all, he dared to cut the top executive team from 25 to 14, to improve its efficiency and limit its cost.One of his first concerns was an alliance with American Airlines, to ensure the 2 companies to control 60 % of flights mingled with the UK and the US, the worlds most lucrative airlines routes.In 1997, he decided to make an identity change because the airline, carrying 60% of foreign passengers, had to show off as a citizen of the world rather than a national company. The challenge of the new visual identity consisted in weakening the British nature of the company and modernising it. He chose 50 ethnic designs from artists across the world.Bob Ayling also decided the acquisition of 43 new aircrafts, as well as the building of a new head office.In 1998, to face the emergence of low costs airlines and the increased competition on short haul routes, Bob Ayling decided to launch Go, its own budget airline.Later in 1999, he innovated again with the concept of the Lounges in the sky, a high-standard new service, and some investment in e-commerce.Whatever are the results, we must concede that Bob Ayling did a lot on a short period to put BA as a world leader.An anticipative approach of cost competitivenessCost cut is a very unpopular practice. Consequently, managers usually do it only when it becomes an emergency. Bob Ayling did not take it like that. He anticipated the future and he kept an unwavering stance to impose the BEP measures while a record profit was proclaimed for the year he sold sensible activities, relocated th e accounting systeming departmentHe asked for volunteers to give way the inviolable not because he could not afford to pay them, but to replace them with flexible masses having more appropriate skills.At last he decided to concentrate BA strategy on high margins activities, and implemented a rationalisation program, paring down unprofitable routes and cutting excess capacity.This anticipative approach triggered the admiration of financial analysts, but the consequences inside the company were not so positive.A changing concern on HRUnlike his predecessors, he did not invest a lot in human resources programs at the beginning of his mandate as far as he was too much involved in cost competitiveness. Eventually, people were affect by this low concern on them. The consequences were a decrease in the customer service level, and a strong mobilisation for a strike.After those events, Bob Ayling was strained to re-involve the company in people matters. He promoted an intensive drive to lift staff morale, actions to involve people in the company. He even decided, as a pendant to the construction of the head office, to build a hotel in Heathrow just for the staff.Bob Ayling set up many changes in the corporate strategy, but let us now see how his management style was different from his predecessors.1.2- A less people-oriented leadershipa) Before Ayling a severe but participative managementLord King decided to restart from scratch in 1981, when he became the chief executive of BA, and he transformed the airline with Lord Marshall in fifteen years into one of the best carriers in the world.The two leaders helped their employees to turn the corner of privatisation in 1987 they achieved to manage the change slowly. They started to infix a customer service culture into the staff with two large training programs, and always involved their people in the improvement of the airline. Those participative management methods made people proud to work for BA.Thus, Lord Marshall created a new human resources system, a kind of competency- ground management, built on the promotion for the best employees. Therefore, they had a real willing to do always better, and their chief executive progressively replaced the State as a strict but kindly father in their collective legal opinion.Lord King and Lord Marshall always did what they said they were regarded as strong leaders, but they knew how to inspire the whole staff with confidence and how to ascertain their respect. Withthat support they could explain that drastic by chance painful measures were the only means to improve BAs results and reputation.b) After Aylings coming a management centred on administrative and financial objectivesEveryone expected Robert Ayling to follow the footsteps of his predecessors. However, just before his taking over as chief executive, he clearly announced he would throw off for all prison term the attributes and attitudes of public sector. That simple first sentence is the symbol of the big change in BAs management in 1996 Bob Ayling thought that people were ready to accept all the constraints of a private company, in terms of adaptability and competitiveness.First we can notice that Bob Ayling didnt take so many precautions in his declarations for example he right off announced in September 1996 that BA would replace 5000 employees by new recruits, supposed to be more efficient and flexible. He thought that internal training was not enough competences were out of the firm. Eventually some people felt afraid by this new vision.Then, Bob Ayling decided an unexpected relooking of the aircrafts. That was an important symbol of what he intended to do make BA halt its British identity, to become an international carrier. At the same time, one of the parts of Aylings Business Efficiency Plan concerned the freezing of wages. As he took that kind of decisions without consulting the employees and their unions, cabin staff, which had the habit of being well t reated, felt deceived and went on strike.During his reign, Bob Ayling was the only leader, he was supposed to feature the right solutions, he looked introductory and his employees had to follow. He did not listen to them and seemed to believe that nobody could understand his long-term vision anyway.This new leadership did not include the human resources and the culture in the decisions it was an economic management.These major changes in BAs management had unexpected impacts let us explain the yards of Aylings failure.2. A failure due to the neglectfulness of three key factors culture, leadership and structure2.1- An unsuitable management to BAs culture and identityThere is no denying that culture is often drop in the field of firms and business in general. However, culture has to be considered as a real success key in so far as people need to feel all right and involved to be efficient. If the gap between the firms culture (that is to say employees culture) and the top-manage rs vision is too deep, it leads to huge damages for either the firm, managers and employees as we are going to discover it in the case of BA.In the mid 1980s, BA was considered as a state-owned company with a dire reputation for customer service. Aylings two predecessors succeeded in turning it into a high-quality and cost-efficient company, voted from 1989 to 1996 worlds best airline in the independent Business Traveller follow (voted airline to be avoided at all costs in 1980). Focusing on selling and innovation / technology, both King and Marshall still put emphasis on human resources. They took care of people in the first place, involving and training employees ( move People First and Managing People First), encouraging brains trusts and putting customers first. People were of course certain of that attention and were confident, loyal and devoted.In 1996, Bob Ayling stepped up as chief executive with challenging and radical changes in mind. The sentence mentioned above he pro nounced in one of his first speeches meant that the very first thing Ayling did was to attack the firm culture and identity, thus disturbing and chocking people unwillingly.In June 1997, Ayling praised a striking new visual identity supposed to be based on market research but that generated emotionally charged controversy. The change was radical symbols were simply scrapped (new design, new colours, new motto, denial of the psychological national belonging) as if it was possible to start from scratch with new company identity and culture.As strikes immediately showed it, BAs culture was still one of a public sector company. Instead of trying to negotiate, Ayling harshly condemned strikers without taking in account this public sector company background. In spite of Aylings desire to set aside Britishness from BA, employees and people in general (customers, the press, Margaret Thatcher) were not ready to accept it. Strikes were also the result of incomprehension from employees were t he new salary scheme (part and parcel of the efforts to reduce area costs) and the 60 million identity change coherent? Was it possible for employees to stay motivated and involved in BA under those conditions? Furthermore, 160 planes stayed with the Union flag sort of of the new design in 1999 because BA lacked time to repaint it. The identity change was as a consequence first of all badly accept and in addition badly implemented.However, Ayling began to understand after the strikes the high necessity of human resources as part of cultural background in a customer-facing business. He launched a campaign to raise staff moral in October 1997 and started to think about focusing on people on the front-line through interviews and speeches praising communication between management and staff. He built a hotel and developed a new concept for BAs headquarter (no permanent desk-space). Again, in 1999, an opinion survey was sent to all employees, results were alarming, and Ayling introduced training and motivational programmes.We can not say if the improvement of BAs results in 1999-2000 was linked to those efforts from Ayling concerning people but on that point is no denying that it was a little late anywayPeople had indeed a hard time with him, describing his management as a macho-management thats destroying peoples feeling for the airline, threatening and intimidating. His vision of change was so ambitious (doing better and better, never enough for him) that he broke the firm culture and identity, introducing fear into staffs feelings and breaking confidence that staff had always shown to management, in cutting jobs and financial bonus with no evident reason (for employees) or restructuring top-management. He questioned and modified too much symbols, values, norms, he disturbed employees in destroying their marks. Ayling justified himself in saying that he had a long-term vision and staff a day-to-day one, but he should at least have better explained and communica ted around his decisions.It is however striking and surprising to notice that BAs culture and identity was about the same from BAs beginning to the start of Bob Aylings reign. Privatisation, higher competitiveness, globalisation do not seem to have modified anything. This can also explain why the gap between BAs culture and what Ayling indispensablenessed was so deep.His new identity implementation may not have been irrelevant but just inadequate.2.2- Bob Ayling an ambitious but self-centred leaderLord Marshall explained in March 2000 that the airlines strategy remained the right one but that Mr Ayling was the wrong man to execute it. We are going to study why below.Bob Ayling first dealt with BA in the early 1980s. He began working for the firm in 1985 as legal director, became group managing director in 1993 and chief executive in January 1996. He was well-waited and had a rather good reputation. Following King and Marshall was quite challenging but he seemed to have strengths o n his own such as strategic understanding, sharp mind, diplomatic skills or legal training.However, his first official act was to slim down the companys top executive team of 25 to 14. Again, in September 1999 this executive team was reduced from 14 to 6. Those measures were aimed at getting to a degree of agreement quite fast. It can also be noticed that at the end of Aylings reign, there is no realistic successor to him. Those two facts mean above all in our mind that Ayling can be considered as a narcissistic and authoritarian leader who wants to keep as much power and decisions liberty as possible.It seems that he does and decides what he wants to without really thinking of all it involves and implies. As a consequence, he needs to change his mind often, and he forgets to focus on important things, he is distracted from the real job of keeping passengers on seats (his attention is for example consumed by trips between the UK, Europe and America to settle an alliance with Americ an Airlines) which is not a good thing at all for his credibility.His credibility seems also to be affected by the gap between his speeches and his actions. He described for example his second objective for BA as improving customer service in a more demanding environment. Few months after this announcement, the Marketplace Performance Unit ( trustworthy for generating information on customer preferences and perceptions) was scrapped. In 1997, a labor group was created and responsible for missions including that of getting the basics of customer service right but basics are supposed to be mastered if customer service belongs to the four main objectives specified one year ago. The same illogical thing can be noticed concerning putting people first or not. Ayling pretends to put people first and a little bit later states he is going to put people first now.His credibility can also be shamed when he promises staff, concerning the value of their BAs share, we are never going back to th at price again and when three months later the share loses 14p. He should not make promises on something he does not master.A leader needs of course to make decisions but needs also to listen to people and particularly staff. Ayling thinks he takes employees in account in building a new hotel, create an open concept in the new headquarter but is it really what employees want and need? Several opinion surveys are mentioned but analysis or corrective measures do not seem to be done and taken, which means that those surveys did not match their targets and resulted in losing time, money, frustrating staff and enabling managers to have good conscience.Ayling also wants people to do exactly what he wants them to People have got to be theyve got to do. Often worn thin, revealing an intensely ambitious and stubborn individual who is only happy when he gets his way. He is excessively crying maybe with himself but also with others, he seems to be never satisfied and demands a constant impro vement. Even when a good news is announced (BA second most admired company in Europe according to the Financial Time for example), Aylings ambition looms (he asks on the same days 5000 volunteers to leave the company), which reveals a huge lack of diplomatic skills.As a conclusion, we could say that Bob Ayling did not take enough people in account and that his vision was blurred by his ambition.2.3- A structure which does not square enough with the companyFirstly, actions on BAs structure did not meet to Aylings strategy.Indeed, the second objective of Ayling for building on BAs existing success was to improve customer service. However, his actions on the structure did not match with this objective. For example, Ayling sold BAs in-flight catering operations, BAs ground fleet services, which were both significant aspects of BA customer service. By selling them, Ayling loosed any possibility of controlling the quality of this customer services. It was only after the strike of June 19 97 that Ayling decided to set up a task force to ensure the airline gets the basics of customer service right. The words used clearly reflect a discrepancy with the initial objective. Thus, it appears that the structure did not emphasis enough the necessary development of customer service.Secondly, BAs structure did not favour employees effectiveness and involvement. As we already pointed it, BAs staff morale was at a time low. Employees needed to be motivated, to identify themselves to the company. The typically centralized structure of BA (the tasks of BAs board were not divided into many units) did not foster employees motivation and employees feeling of identification to the firm. Consequently, the structure did not seem adapted to BAs culture.In the same way, the centralized structure of BA did not square with environment and activitys field environment is characterized with an extreme esthesia of airlines to economic cycles, which requires the necessity of reducing any risks the company could run, as well as a certain reactivity of the companies of this field. More and more demanding clients characterize the field of activity, what requires a non-negligible adaptability of the company to the market. In that context, BAs centralized structure did not facilitate the reduction of risks (compared to a more decentralized structure) and did not modify a great adaptability to the market. For these reasons, the structure did not match with the environment.Having analysed the reasons of Aylings management failure, we will now consider how Eddington should manage BA internal factors to implement the strategy.3. What should be Eddingtons main concerns for the future?It seems that Bob Ayling often tried to reach many objectives, which were not completely compatible. For example, he could not at the same time improve the level of service and constantly reduce costs.Now that he is gone, his successor has to focus on his strategy and on a few objectives, so that he c an reach all of them before defining new ones. That means he probably will have to define some priorities between all his targets. He will also have to make sure they really are well matched so that they do not cancel each other.Rod Eddington claims that he wants to concentrate on people in the front-line, and to work hard with each level of responsibility. He seems to be conscious that an airline is a very particular type of company, where quality of customer service is decisive.Let us see how he can work and which tools he can use to meet his objectives.3.1- Increase the level of service thanks to structure and cultureImproving quality of service means two things employing an obliging staff and do new fitting-outs in aircrafts.To achieve a high level of service, BA can use two main tools First of all, he can act on structure and organisation. BA could create for instance a marketing department, which could play two roles studying clients satisfaction and dealing with complains an d probing far in amount the likings of the customers to offer them what they expect. Thus, they will feel they really are BAs priority. Then, company culture could also help reach objectives. If managers constantly praised the idea of the client king, everyone and especially front-line employees will take as an evidence that clients must be treated as stars. BA could also set up training programs so that everyone has the skills to deal with customers for instance languages trainings for front-line employees who have to be able to answer any question asked by a client, wherever he may come from.3.2- Maintain and improve internal cohesion through a better communicationAs Human Resources represent a precious asset for a company providing services, and especially for airlines for which the prestation is barely differentiating, BAs managers have decided to focus on their staff. Therefore, they will have to farm internal cohesion, thanks to structure.Indeed, an internal communication d epartment could be created in order to update and communicate to everyone decisions taken by the CEO and the executive committee. Thus, employees would maybe understand more easily where the company is going and would certainly feel more concerned with the objectives. We can not reach objectives that we are not aware of. Then BAs managers could use their speeches as a means to reach their objectives. If they let know while officially speaking (annual report, to journalists or directly to staff during trainings periods for example) that staffs well-being is on top of agenda, and if they prove to be themselves coherent in doing exactly what they promise, then they will probably enter a new era of social relationships.3.3- Go on improving rentability through organization and new valuesSince BA has to preserve its margins, it will have to go on saving money. But as one of Bob Aylings former co-worker explains, all the easy savings are already achieved at the beginning of the year 2000 i t means that there are not many possibilities to cut purely costs any more. Thus, the challenge consists in determination new ways of saving money that would not injure service quality. Here again, structure can be used a new service could be created, that would immediately adapt tickets prices to demand if many seats have been sold for a flight, then prices should maybe increase. However, if a little part of available seats has been sold, then the prices should decrease until all seats are sold. Such an initiative would avoid half-empty flights, and would eventually lead to savings. Then a work could be done on internal culture an economy-awareness could be implemented, encouraging everyone in the company to make savings. For instance, managers could show the example in booking middle-class hotels quite of four-stars ones when they have to travel. At last, BA could go on focusing on rentable activities, providing higher margins, as for instance North Routes and First Class flight s.ConclusionBritish Airways needed a charismatic leader Bob Ayling was just an economic manager. He overestimated the ability of his people to change the way they considered their company and their meaning in its evolution.Although he had got indisputable skills to deal with external constraints and to anticipate the environment evolutions, he forgot to take in account the importance of internal factors, such as the firm history and what it involved.Rod Eddingtons first reaction as he came over was to express his respect and his will to make BAs employees happy. It is very likely that the new chief executive had drawn the lessons of his predecessors experience, and that he wanted to start from new bases.Maybe he is the right man for the job

What Role Does International Relations Play in the Shaping, Defining, or Legitimating of Masculinity or Masculinities?

there whitethorn be numerous trends in which global traffic ar affectd in the construction of masculinities and gentlemans gentlemanlike identities by dint of the direct disciplining of male bodies, through numerous political and institutional practices, and through broader ethnic and ideological links. Unquestioningly, more(prenominal) and more tribe believe that the personal becomes political nowadays, we stinker substantiate that horizontal for subjects that suppose to be those of intimate details of private run lows deport become something that atomic number 18 constructed and organise by social relations.More obvious, lives of women are e modifiedly in the main stage, but non in a very good fed date of referencel agency. How? There are earthy forms of sex oppression to struggleds women. This performance of variation deprives women from equal rights, whereas men call for been judge on their merits as individuals, women overhear tended to be judged as p i calmate or as a group. This is to say that apparently, the world of trans depicted object relations is precisely a mans world, both in practice and theory.Be that as it may, to be success in this busy world, one must pass the criteria measured by masculine traits power, autonomy, and independence. Also, it has been tell that the privilege and power that come through by men are not due to their fleshly, but because of their cultural association with masculinity. Having said that, Hooper similarly proposed that it is the quality of masculinity that is closely associated with power, rather than men per se, and the term masculinism, which implies a privileging of masculinity.Coupled the stories that I conduct just set forth with the picture of inter field of study political science which is henpecked by diplomats, soldiers, and global urbane servants, most of whom are men, in defining the governments policies, it is not exagg termte to assume that world politics is a mans world. Regard slight of the fact that international relations is one of the last social sciences to be affected by sexuality/feminist analysis, m some(prenominal) agree that it is because it has been so strongly masculinised by the whole kit of those spate that I have just said.Moreover, considering the current trend of world politics that is cand mainly on the ideology of realism, not barely that it helps legitimate the masculine world, but too it contributes to the international relations theory and practices focal point on power, sovereignty, and aegis. Nonetheless, in this paper I leave alone first discuss about the significance of identity to contendds international relations which I believe provide provide the basic clarity of why we have to study about the importance of IR towards the masculine identity, then I will turn to the talk about the meaning of patriarchy and who defines or what legitimates that notion.side by side(p) I will try to answer the question of t his paper by making it disciplinems more practical. For cause, I will depict the picture of the world after Cold War in which realism claims its informative power and its effect in shaping, defining, or legitimating masculinity or masculinities, along with the illustration of how the unite States have inscribed the idea of sexual activity into IR, and used it to legitimate their actions, etc. Lastly will be the certainty part. Identity and IRIn the famous article of Marysia Zalewski and Cynthia Enloe, Questions about the Identity in International Relations, they have asked us legion(predicate) questions that many a(prenominal) always want to experience the answers what our identity is and who defines us. Knowingly, identity is world fashioned and constructed by others who have a stake in making up certain social categories and in trying to make people conform to them. However, if any chance the final result came out wake that your identity is a woman, then too bad, beca use you will have to live with this so-called inferior status for the rest of your life.Asserting Zalewski and Enloe, gender and specifically that which is identified as belongings to muliebrity acts as a pre-emptive deterrent to certain modes of thought, action and speech. Funny as it may seem, who would have cognise that the social construction of women identity has been manufactured by mainly male theorists in orderliness to backup them from accessing the public world, the world designed only for men. patriarchy and the Misogynic World The term patriarchy was before associated with the rule of father but feminists broadened its use to cover other aspects of male command. Obviously, international relations base its assumption and explanations almost entirely on the activities and experiences of men. Furthermore, according to Connell, there are several reasons why feminists have seen the state as patriarchal institution. the state is the core of the whole structure of pow er relations in gender with the total exclusion of women the state has a well-marked internal gender regime with the example of strong gender division of labour it is typical of modern states that the centres of state power, the top decision-making units, are hard masculine the state has the capacity to do gender, it generates policies c erstwhilerned with gender issues Given these reasons, it can be said that only men can benefit, patriarchal dividend in the form of money, authority, detect, safety and power, from the world of gender inequalities.Although not all men can receive the benefits of patriarchal world, and not every woman suffers from it either, still the way in which elites men who have the power in influencing and making decisions in governments indemnity tend to focus on dichotomous thinking is mainly in order to sustain the gender order in the way that they want and the way that they can privilege from.Hooper suggested that in defining masculinities the schoolma n discipline of IR is not exempt from the general observation that the more men align themselves with hegemonic masculinities, the more they boost their own credibility and perpetuate that hegemony. And in defending this more valued status, we can see masculine practices contribute their ways to maintain such position, whether self-consciously or not, as well as to make sure that they meet the threshold of requiring elites privileges.Hooper as well claimed that masculinities are not just domestic cultural variables both political events and masculine identities are the products of mens participation in international relations. Also, international relations reflects a world of men in that they influence international affairs through their physical capacities, through practices at the institutional level, and through the symbolic links between masculinity and power. For real supporting example of such argument, I find that many scholars believe that the United States in the post-co lonial era had been dominated by politicians, diplomats, and other international players. These were groups of people who had been strongly influenced by European values of hegemonic masculinity. Asserting Hooper once again, such institutions still tend to churn out a high proportion of international elites. In sum, the international arena and men require each other.This is to say that, while international relations involve men to design and work on its structure, most men, especially white elites men, also need the international relations to hold on to and to maintain their status quo. International Politics and its effect on Masculinities The naive realism World Paradigms such as realism, pluralism and structuralism/globalism are ontologically and ideologically committed to seeing a finicky picture of the international, as a result which they are also theoretically and epistemologically constrained. States are considered to be whizz actors in the international relations. Why ? To answer this question, one might have to go back to the traditionalistic ideology of realism which regards states as unitary and rational actor- that has been in the main focus of world politics for quite some snip now. Especially in the era of Cold War, foreign policies of both the United States and the Soviet Union led to the institutionalization of masculinity. They fought each other with, besides the arms race, the definitions of masculinity and femininity.However, if we dig chummy enough to the core of policy makers and reasons that dominated the world, we can see that most of them are men. Thus, as we live in the world that dominated by a masculines polish, anything that is relating to the traits of hegemonic masculinity can be seen as in a higher position, superior status to those that associated with powder-puff. Also, the way in which we mostly contract our ideologies after cold war with realism led us to the emphasis on power politics, which in the long run re nders us the reinforcement of masculinities. And, for realist, security tied to the military security of the state.Given their pessimistic assumptions about the liable(predicate) behaviour of states in anarchic international environment, thus war could break out at any duration because nothing can prevent it. This rendered states to rely on their own power capabilities to achieve security . Hence, it can be easily detected that realism is oriented by masculine-linked characteristics. Characteristics associated with manfulness, such as toughness, courage, power, independence, and even physical strength, have, throughout history, been those most valued in the conducted of politics, curiously international politics .Cited example from Zalewski and Enloes work, the current Chinese officials making nuclear policy were all men and they made at least(prenominal) some of their nuclear decision in order to prove to the Russians and the Americas that they too were real men in internation al politics. In spite the fact that realism notion can only explain a partial view of reality, still just when we think about the national security, it means that we have already entered into an almost exclusively male domain.Tickner argued that in the post-World War II world, this bipolar balance of power became what less sanguine observers termed a balance on terror that rested on the vast array of nuclear weapons possessed by the United States, the unprecedented buildup and maintenance of hugh military arsenals in a time of serenity led to a new branch of international relations scholarship known as national security studies. While national security scholars are realists in their basic assumptions and explanations, during the Cold War era they focused almost exclusively in designing a military strategy for the United States with respect to the Soviet Union.As national security specialists have moved between academic and government, American national security policy has rested o n the realist prescription of increasing security through preparation for war . However, the statement that I have just cited is not exaggerate since when we look back into the world history, particularly for the Greeks, the way to achieve status and recognition as an honored man, one needed to participate in war in the form of heroic performance. We can assume from these given facts that realism focus only on men, while oppress women.Tickner gave us clarity that The high politics of war and Realpolitik, the traditional westerly academic discipline of international relations privileges issues that grow out of mens experiences we are socialized into believing that war and power politics are spheres of bodily function with which men have a special affinity and that their voices in describing and prescribing for this world are therefore likely to be more authentic. This rendered the pattern of gender discrimination that happens in the world nowadays.To give an insight on this area, I shall point to the work of many well-known realists, namely Machiavelli, Hobbes, and Morgenthau. But first as most international relations student know that the Greek city-state was a community of warriors, and intellectuals and theorists back in those years like Hobbes, he said that people in the state of nature are in international arena. This is to say that, nature is in lead of men thus, it helps legitimate hegemonic masculinity. While for Machiavellis the Prince, he highly praised for warrior-prince.Given this fact, many feminists regard warrior-citizenship uncomplete as a negative, unavoidable characterization of human nature, nor a desirable possibility. Rather, they defer it as a revisable, gendered construction of personality and citizenship. Machiavelli also argued that for a person to possess to quantity of manliness, one must have virtu, which literally means manly activity. According to Tickner, Machiavellis virtu is insight, energetic activity, effectiveness, and the courage it demands overcoming a mans self-indulgence and laziness. On the other hand, he perceived women as fortuna.Or else, it is a feminine power in men themselves against which they must continually struggle to maintain autonomy. For him, fortuna is a threat to the masculinity of the citizen-warrior Furthermore, he always regarded women as weak, fearful, indecisive, and dependent. Also, Tickner claimed that the real test of manly virtue in that era was triumph in battle. In Morgenthaus popular book Politics among Nations, he has constructed his argument almost stop women. When he claimed about the struggle for power between individuals for dominance, women hardly occupy any claims of such area.Thus, we can assume that when Morgenthau talks about domination, he is referring to men primarily. Having said these, we can presume once again that state continues to derive much of its legitimacy from its security function especially for national security that citizens are willing t o make sacrifices without doubt. Additionally, Connell said that while state power is a resource for the struggle for hegemony in gender, hegemonic masculinity is also a resource in the struggle for state power. And this explains why political parties practically choose military heroes or prominent generals as candidates.Tickner proved that the presidents dual share as commander in chief reinforces our beliefs that qualities we associate with the manliness are of utmost importance in the selection of our presidents To understand this logic, we first have to realize that soldiering is characterized as a manly activity requiring the masculine traits of physical strength, action, toughness, capacity for violence, and, for officers, resolve, technical know-how, and logical or strategic thinking and that military charge in the pursuit of war is a clear example of how international relations help to fabricate men .It is the most complete version of masculinity. Those who went to war and came back had been highly praised for their sacrifice. In this case, the dead were also heroes. Rather, in many cases we can that those men who avoid going to fight in war had been greatly looked down on as soft and feminized. Further we can see that war are fought for many reasons yet, frequently, the rationale for fighting wars is presented in gendered terms such as the necessity of standing up to incursion rather than universe pushed around or appearing to be sissy or a wimp. actualize for wars is often garnered through the appeal to masculine characteristics . In the realism world where war is central to the way we learn about the international relations, the vicious cycle and the security dilemma relied greatly on the war, and since war demands manliness, for combat is the ultimate test of masculinity, thus war is a gendering activity at a time when the discourse of militarism and masculinity permeates the whole fabric of society .One of the most interesting examples of t o show how international relations and masculinities had interrelationship after reading the work of Hooper is when he claimed that Pluralist and liberal perspectives were being feminized by waltz un order to put them down. Theoretical overcomplication that creates confusion is akin to so-called feminine woolly mindedness, in signifying want of masculine reason and purposefulness Such failings contrast neatly with Waltzs own punchy, curt, and some aggressive prose. Given that example, we can infer easily of the direct consequences that international relations use the gender perspectives in upgrading their own point of view. Thus, using this same tactic the United States nowadays in order to fight the war on terror, most of the policymakers in the Capitol Hill, which most of them are men, have been tried to implicate the rhetoric of gender in which they gifted those who refuse the use of patriot act as being soft, the characteristic most likely to associated with women. Imperialism and Post-ColonialismTraced back in time we can see that imperial also intervened in domestic life or somehow found the way to link the issue of domination with gender of people in their colonies. For example, one of the greatest works in international relations studies of Edward utter Orientalism rendered us the idea of a male perception of the world And Tickner showed that colonized people were often described as being effeminate, masculinity was an attribute of the white man, and colonial order depended on Victorian standards of manliness .Similar to the same tactic using above, sometimes we can see that the imperial countries often portray the countries which they ruled with the picture of female or even children. For example this is how Latin America was perceived by the United States. Thus, it is not the action themselves but the gendered interpretations placed on them that are crucial in determine which activities count as masculine and valued and which count as feminine and devalued . International semipolitical Economy and Gender Division of Labour The power of gendered dichotomies and the way in which strategies of masculinization and feminization work to promote inequalities between the sexes can be seen clearly in the gendered division of labor . Recently political preservation has become more and more powerful in its explanatory power. Depicting Japan and Germany, devil countries saw as aggressors of World War II, these two countries nowadays have emerged as the economic index contrasting to the ideology of realism.Yet, this does not imply that military, power have declined their strengths, rather in many countries still military and arms purchase still prior to other economic budget. True that political economy is another important field of international relations, and it has increased its popularity over time, still, as irony as it may seem, the more global economy has shown its face to the world, the more it shows the cold war imagery of m asculinity. Post cold-war era in for the United Sates reflected not only a reconfiguration of Anglo-American hegemonic masculinity in conjunction with economic estructuring, workplace changes, and new management styles, but also reflected a more local phenomenon the Americanization of the City of London and of the culture of international finance . Even for liberalism that tends to give attention to economy, or liberalism rational economic man, most people still agree that that idea is based heavily on the hegemonic masculinity characteristics. Be that as it may, this gave stemma to the gender or sexual division of labour in which men have dominated the intellectual fields while women have been assigned the domestic tasks necessary for physical survival , especially in the light industries .Enloe said that this sexual division of labour has had the effect of further masculinizing national and international politics. For governments to possess heavy industries which most men contro l is held as proof that a country has graduated. Also many Marxist feminists believe that capitalism is the source of womens oppression and lower levels of human capital , ascendant feminists claim that women are oppressed by the system of patriarchy that has existed under almost all modes of production.Patriarchy is institutionalized through legal and economic, as well as social and cultural institutions . Moreover, if capital is being rewarded disproportionately to labour in the world economy, then men are being rewarded disproportionately to women and that women are oppressed in specific ways that are attributable to patriarchy rather than capitalism purpose IR symbolically becomes a wholly masculine sphere of war and diplomacy, at the furthest entire from the domestic sphere of families, women, and reproduction in the private/public/international divides of modernity .In state the papers question, Hooper said that international relations has played an important part in no t only reflecting and legitimating specific masculinities, but also in constructing and defining them . With all the proving examples that I have give tongue to in this paper, I do not think that gender hierarchies that privilege male characteristics and mens knowledge and experiences, and sustain the kind of attitudes toward women in foreign policy will change any time soon.

Photosynthesis

The leaves are the cleave of a plant where most photosynthesis takes place. If you cut a leaf in half and look at the cut end, it would look like this Key 1. Waxy cuticle this gives the leaf a weeweeproof layer, which permits in fainthearted. 2. Upper epidermis provides an upper surface. 3. Palisade cells contain chloroplasts. 4. Spongy mesophyll collection of damp, loosely packed cells. 5. depress epidermis layer of cells on the lower surface. 6. Air space inside the leaf e precise(prenominal)ows contact amongst air and moist cell surfaces. 7. Stoma a hole in the leaf through which throttlees click. . support cells change shape to virtually the stoma. One unique feature of leaves is that they contain tiny holes in them to let carbon dioxide and atomic number 8 enter and exit. The hole formed between these cells is called a stoma. A stoma is safe a hole. It is controlled by two guard cells, which change shape to any open or blind drunk the hole. Something makes wate r enter the cells by osmosis and so they s swell up and change shape, but no whizz is quite sure of the trigger. The stomata (air holes) on plants are normally open during the day and closed at night.These stomata are found on the undersides of leaves. This is because if they faced the sun igniter, nigh of the plants precious water could evapo sum up out of them. IMAGE Guard cells locating Open stoma Closed stoma Photosynthesis is the style that plants make their food using cogency from sunlight. This is the intelligence agency equation IMAGE Plants use the gullible dye (or pigment) called chlorophyll to pick up the energy from the sunlight. Plants make chicken feed and use some of it for energy to keep them alive (respiration) but they also use some for produce and repair by making fats and proteins.However, it is not al elbow rooms sunny so plants need to be qualified to store some of the sugar they make, so they convert it to a storage carbohydrate ( amylum). Plants cou ld use starch or glucose. Starch is insoluble (it does not dissolve in water) eyepatch glucose is soluble. This means that if starch is use, slight water is required to keep its food stored. The numerates of water, carbon dioxide, sunlight and temperature can all mend how efficaciously a plant carries out photosynthesis.The metre of water is effected by how overmuch is taken up through the roots and how much is lost from the leaves. If slight water is available in the leaf thitherfore photosynthesis forget kick the bucket much slowly. Similarly, if there is less carbon dioxide near because photosynthesis leave occur more slowly. There wont be sufficiency of the fuel (substrate) to get the reaction to work. If there is less sun, which usually means it is cooler too, then there is less energy for photosynthesis and it occurs more slowly. So photosynthesis workings best when it is warm and sunny.Aim === The aim of my test is to determine whether or not the fervor of l ight get out affect the rate of photosynthesis in a plant. To do this, I am going to observe Canadian pond weed (Elodea) under varying light intensities. The Elodea will be submerged in water. I will count the amount of group O given mop up in this experimentation by counting the number of bubbles produced. I used Canadian pondweed because of its unusual ability to emit bubbles of gas from a cut end, when placed in water. IntroductionPhotosynthesis occurs only in the presence of light, and takes place in the chloroplasts of green plant cells. Photosynthesis can be defined as the production of simple sugars from carbon dioxide and water causation the release of sugar and oxygen. The chemical equation for photosynthesis can be expressed as sunlight IMAGE coke dioxide + water sugar (glucose) + oxygen + water CO2 + H2O C6H2O6 + O2 + H2O All plants need light in order to photosynthesise. This has been proven many quantify in experiments, so it is possible to say that without light, the plant would die.The reason out that light intensity does affect the rate of photosynthesis is because as light (and therefore energy) falls on the chloroplasts in a leaf, it is trapped by the chlorophyll, which then makes the energy available for chemical reactions in the plant. As the amount of sunlight (or in this lawsuit light from a bulb) falls on the plant, energy is absorbed. This means that energy is available for the chemical reactions, and so photosynthesis takes place. The more light there is that falls on the leaf in the showtime place, the quicker the rate that the reaction can take place.There are many factors which will affect the rate of photosynthesis, including light intensity, temperature and carbon dioxide concentration. The maximum rate of photosynthesis will be controlled by a confining factor. This factor will prevent the rate of photosynthesis from rising above a sealed level, even if the opposite conditions needed for photosynthesis are improved. I t will therefore be undeniable to control these factors throughout the experiment so as not to let them affect the reliability of my investigation into the effect of light intensity.Predictions I yell that as the intensity of light augment, so will the rate of photosynthesis. I also predict that if the light intensity increases, the rate of photosynthesis will increase at a proportional rate until a authorized level is r all(prenominal)ed, and the rate of increase will then go down. Eventually, a level will be reached where an increase in light intensity will involve no further effect on the rate of photosynthesis, as there will be an former(a)(a) control factor, in this case belike temperature. Preliminary work =============== Initially, to determine a suitable range of levels of light intensities at which to record results for my experiment, I did a preliminary investigation in which I recorded the number of bubbles of oxygen given off in a given time at various light inte nsities. To alter the light intensity, I placed a lamp at various withdrawnnesss from the plant. I also therefore needed a way of accurately measuring the light intensity, and I did this using a light intensity monitor. I obtained the pursual resultsLight intensity (%) Number of oxygen bubbles collected 100 38 95 51 90 45 85 36 80 33 75 14 70 7 65 1 60 0 Although this is a very quick, simple and efficient way of obtaining an idea of the trends for the represent, and the boundaries for the measurements, this experiment was not in itself in my opinion accurate enough to be the basis of my main experiment. This lose of accuracy was chiefly collectable to the fact that by simply counting the bubbles, I was relying on each bubble being exactly the same size, which they clearly were not.The preliminary experiment will give me a best fit curve to which I can compare my main graph, and also points at either end of my results at which it is clear to see light intensity has little or n o effect. Here, it was in fact at a light intensity of around 95% when it seems that another factor such as temperature or carbon dioxide concentration has become a limiting factor. In my main experiment, it will not be necessary to take readings above this point. It also shows that while my outer limits are justified, it will be better to take more readings between the current light intensity nurtures of around 60 95%.I will take readings at 60%, 62. 5%, 65%, 67. 5%, 70%, 72. 5% a This way I will obtain more results between an accurate value scale. Here are my results from my preliminary experiment IMAGE Method Input variables Light intensity This is to be alter by increasing and decreasing the distance from the light source to the plant Output variables Volume of oxygen (rate of photosynthesis) This is to be thrifty by finding the number of bubbles of oxygen produced in a 30 seconds. Carbon dioxide concentration This can affect the rate of photosynthesis, since if there is too little CO2, it can become the limiting factor.In this case, as long as the experiment is done over a short period of time, the amount of carbon dioxide used up by the plant will not be sufficient enough to cause the carbon dioxide concentration to become the limiting factor. If my experiment were to be performed over a overnight period of time, this would become a problem. Water availability Water is also required in the photosynthesis reaction, and when it is lacking, the plants stomata close to prevent further water loss. This closing of the stomata cells also leads to little carbon dioxide being able to diffuse through.Clearly, in a water plant, (like the pondweed) as long as the plant is fully submerged in water at all times, this will not be a problem. Temperature Enzymes are used in the photosynthesis reactions of a plant. Therefore, temperature will increase the rate of photosynthesis, until a point at which the enzymes weaken and work at a slower rate. I am going to perform the experiment at 22 degrees, checking the temperature oft in case the heat given off from the light should slightly raise the temperature, in which case I shall simply refill the beaker with more water after(prenominal) each experiment.Apparatus list A Desk lamp A Elodea pondweed A Clamp A Water A Thermometer A Test-tube A Beaker A Cold water A Stopwatch A Light intensity meter Cut a stem of Canadian pondweed of about 7cm in length. Fill a test-tube with water, and place it in a clamp. Then place the test tube into a beaker of cold water. Insert a thermometer into the beaker, and record the temperature at the beginning and end of each experiment, (as a precaution against a significant unexpected arising in temperature).Set up a lamp at a set distance from the plant, ensuring that this distance is from the filament of the lamp to the actual pondweed, kind of than the edge of the beaker. The light intensity must be mensurable in the same way as described in the preliminar y experiment. When bubbles are being produced at a steady rate, start the stop watch and count how many oxygen bubbles are produced in 30 seconds. Repeat this experiment three times for accuracy. Following the aforementioned method, I obtained these results Light intensity (%) Number of bubbles counted Test 1 Test 2 Test 3 95 52 0 50 90 47 48 46 85 37 39 39 80 35 32 33 75 12 13 10 70 4 2 3 65 1 0 2 60 1 0 0 From these results, I have worked out one set of just results and drawn a graph to show them. The results are rounded up to integers because the number of bubbles counted is discrete selective information (ie 4 and a half bubbles would not be appropriate). ===================================================================== Light intensity (%) Average number of bubbles counted 95 51 90 47 85 38 80 33 75 12 70 3 65 1 60 0 *****Analysis***** ================== *****My graph was in the form of a best-fit curve.I drew it as a curve sooner than a straight line because of the clear sort of the points. This meant that the rate of photosynthesis increased as the light intensity increased. This was because photosynthesis is a reaction, which needs energy from light to work, so as the amount of energy available from light increased with the rise in light intensity, so did the amount of oxygen produced as a product of photosynthesis. My graphs showed that the relationship between the light intensity and the rate of photosynthesis was non-linear, as both graphs produced a best-fit curve.However, as I expected in my hypothesis, it does appear that for the very first part of the graph, the increase in rate is in fact proportional to the increase in light intensity (i. e. a straight line) and I can show this by taking some readings from the graph Results from grapha =================== From these results, I am able to say that an increase in light intensity does certainly increase the rate of photosynthesis. The gradual decrease in the rate of increase of the rate of photosynthesis (the shallowing of the curve) can be attributed to the other factors limiting the rate of photosynthesis.As light intensity increases, the photosynthetic rate is being limited by certain factors, such as carbon dioxide and temperature. These factors do not immediately limit the rate of photosynthesis, but rather gradually. As light intensity increases further, so the rate of photosynthesis is being limited by other factors more and more, until the rate of photosynthesis is constant, and so is almost certainly limited in full by another factor. Overall, both graphs and my results support my predictions fully.My idea that the rate of photosynthesis would increase with light intensity was comprehensively backed up by my results. This is because a higher light intensity involves a greater level of light energy, which can then be shipred to a special protein environment designed to convert the energy. Here, the energy of a photon is used to transfer electrons from one ch lorophyll pigment to the next. When enough energy has been gathered at a reaction centre, adenosine triphosphate can be synthesised from ADP. The oxygen collected in the experiment is in fact the by-product of this reaction, and so it is lear to see that the more light energy, the more ADP is being converted into ATP and more oxygen is produced as a result. Evaluation ========== Although I feel that my experiment was sound overall, I thought there were many points at which the accuracy was not perfect. As I have already stated, my preliminary experiment was not accurate enough to justify being used as my main experiment. This was mostly due to the fact that I was relying on all the bubbles being the same size, which they clearly werent, however many of the little inaccuracies also apply to my main experiment.Firstly, the distance between the light sources and the Canadian Pondweed were not measured to a very high degree of accuracy, especially when you note the fact that the distan ce should have been measured exactly from the filament of the light bulb to the centre of the plant. It is possible here to find a percentage break. I estimate that the illusion could have been up to 0. 5cm and I will find the percentage error for the largest and dispiritedest reading using this estimate Percentage error = possible inaccuracy total reading % error distance 10 5cm 1 50cm Percentage error is just how much your guess was off from the actual value. The form is estimate actual/actual * 100% That is the absolute value of (the estimate minus the actual) all separate by the actual, all multiplied by 100%. * It is clear to see that the percentage error is much less for the larger distances. Although I was not actually using the distances as part of my results, I used them as a marker for where the lamp was placed each time, as I assumed that the light intensity would be the same each time at a particular distance. Therefore, any inaccuracies in measuring the distances , i. e. f a distance was slightly different when doing the actual experiment from the distance at which I earlier measured the light intensity, an error would ensue. The second major inaccuracy was in measuring the volume of oxygen given off. When reading the syringe there could have been an error of 0. 25mm, and again it is possible to find a percentage error. % error volume 3. 57 7ml 50 0. 5ml For the smallest volumes this is clearly a massive error, and to improve this, it would be necessary to do the readings over a longer period of time, therefore increasing the volumes, and in pass on reducing the percentage errors.Another error would have been due to background light in the vicinity. We tried to melt off this error by closing all blinds in the laboratory, but due to practical reasons, we could not all perform the experiment in a separate room, and we therefore experienced light pollution from other students experiments. This would have had a very marginal effect on my resul ts as a whole, but to go by this problem completely, it would have been necessary to perform the experiment in a totally dark room. A further inaccuracy was in the heat generated by the lamp.As I have earlier described, temperature has a very detectable effect on the rate of photosynthesis, and so any increase in the temperature of the pond water would have had serious effects on the accuracy of my results. To ensure this did not happen, I monitored the temperature of the water before and after every reading, to check that the temperature did in fact not rise. It turned out not to be a problem, as over the short period of time taken by my experimental readings, the temperature did not rise at all.However, if I were to extend the time of my experiment to 5 excellents for each reading for example, which would have the effect of reducing other percentage errors, I would have to find some way of holding the temperature constant. One way of doing this would be to place a perspex bloc k between the lamp and the plant, which would absorb most of the heat, while allowing the light energy to pass through. As I mentioned in my planning, carbon dioxide concentration could have been an error in the experiment. However, I feel that due to the short period of time taken there is very little chance that the oncentration would ever have been so low as to become the limiting factor. over again if I were to carry out the experiment over a longer time period, it would have been necessary to add sodium hydrogen carbonate to the water to increase the carbon dioxide concentrations. The last inaccuracy, though a small one, was in the time keeping. The main problem here was in when to begin the minute. If for one reading, the minute was started just after one bubble had been produced, and in another reading it was just before, this could have had a negative effect on the accuracy of my results.I therefore ensured that in each case I started the stopwatch just after a bubble had b een produced, thus heightening the accuracy. Overall, I felt that due to the small volumes of oxygen involved, my experiment was not as accurate as it could have been, however I entrust it was accurate enough to support and justify my hypotheses. Improvements could have been made as I have stated, mainly by simply increasing the time taken. However, due to practical time constraints in taking the readings for my investigation, and some consequential problems relating to time extension, I could not in fact make these adjustments.The other obvious way of increasing the reliability of my results would be to take many repeat readings and find an average. To extend my enquiries into the rate of photosynthesis, I could perhaps try to link in some of the other limiting factors to the same experiment, as well as investigating them in their own right. It could also be interesting to explore the effects of washy lights on the rate of photosynthesis, which could lead to the question of wheth er or not other types of light, such as fluorescent fixture lights or halogen lights, would have a different effect on the rate of photosynthesis.